Revolutions+of+1848

An industrial and agricultural depression in 1846 left many unemployed and living in strife in France. At the same time, there was corruption in the French government and the same government, under a new Bourbon king, refused to extend suffrage to the male middle class. || Epistemologies that undergirded the 1848 Revolution included Liberalism, Nationalism, and Anti-Conservatism. Radical Republicans belived people should rule themselves, while liberals pushed for a new government with a more laissez faire background. || With a Bourbon king at the throne, the Republicans, under the leadership of Adolphe Thiers staged political banquets (rallies) to call for reform all over France. Soon after, the lberal opposition formed a provisional government, The Second Republic. A new constitution, with a unicameral legislature, universal male suffrage, and an elected president. With this new government, Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon) came to power. ||  || The news of the Revolution in France allowed for the same feeling to bubble in the citizens of Central European countries of Germany, Prussia, and the Austrian Empire. Essentially, the working classes of these nations and empires demanded change from their leaders. || In Germany, ideas such as German Liberalism and Nationalism defined the way of thinking for many, especially young students. These students countered the German government's repression of these ideologies. Germans wanted a United Germany while other nations, the Austrian Empire for example, wanted their own sovereign governements. Austria its own had nationalistic grievances. || At the Frankfurt Assembly, two solutions were presented, one of a large Germany with Austria or a small Germany with a Prussian king. Austria however withdrew and the Prussian refused quickly disbanding the Frankfurt Assembly. In Austria, demonstrations across the nation led to Metternich's dismissal and the revolutionaries led by educated proprietary classes took control and opted to form a liberal consituent assembly. Then conservatives banked on the fear of a working class social revolution and took military action. || Revolutions in Central Europe were all crushed and thus, failed. || The failure of previous uprisings in the 1830's encouraged the movement for unification in a new direction. || Nationalism was a major proponent in the Italian Revolts. || Beginning in Sicily, rebellions spread north as rulers granted constitutions to their people. Lombardy and Venetia rebelled over their Austrian overloads. Albert, king of Piedmont, invaded Lombardy and Venetia, yet failed. || Church regained control of Rome and only Piedmont was able to keep its liberal constitution. || With several failures, longtime tensions emerged between Conservatism and Liberalism. Both sides of the political spectrum had to find somewhat of a balance. In the rest of Europe, ruling elite became nervous about social uprisings so many reinstated old, established governments to power. With a growing population all over Europe, crime increased yet new police forces began to bring a new ordered society to Europe. ||
 * **Overall Causation** || **Causes** || **Epistemologies** the help us understand key perspectives or thinking that went into the Revolution || **Critical Events &key people** || **Impacts** (immediate /long term on Europe ||
 * There was a over arching causation for the Revolutions of 1848. Previous revolutions in France, Belgium, and Greece paved the way for a rebellious attitude in the rest of Europe. Ideologies such as Liberalism and Nationalism were on the rise, and the press extended political awareness. Technology revolutionized the working class of many European countries, and that working class then desired reform. In addition, there was the rise of the urban poor who also desired a voice. ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * || __France__
 * || __Central Europe__
 * || __Italy__
 * ||  ||   ||   || __Overarching Impacts__

Nice Work! Victoria and Aminah

1. Which of the following was a cause for the Revolutions of 1848? a. Industrialization b. Romanticism c. Growth of working class d. Urban poverty e. All of the above